The article explores Iran's strategic choices following U.S. and Israeli attacks on its nuclear sites. Professor Sanam Vakil notes that Tehran could pursue a “cautious mix” of retaliation and restraint—demonstrating strength without triggering full-scale war. Vakil highlights options like leaving the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty or targeting U.S. interests indirectly, while keeping the door open for diplomacy if Khamenei seeks de-escalation despite deep mistrust of Washington.